Sexism in television advertising: comparative analysis between 2018-2022
Abstract
Sexism in television advertising is an object of study analyzed especially in recent years because of its impact on society. Various activities have been carried out to change stereotyped roles and sexist indicators in advertising, taking into account its influence on the behavior of society. Sexism is ubiquitous in advertising and in society as a whole, as it promotes related lifestyles and encompasses roles that society normalizes, including women, despite legislative and many organizations' efforts against sexism in the media. of communication. Methodologically, following quantitative techniques, separate ads are analyzed in three time slots to see if sexism still exists in advertising, comparing results of 2018 and 2022. The results reflect a decrease in the number of indicators of stereotyped and sexist roles in advertisements, although signs of sexism are still detected in some advertisements. It is concluded that sexism in television advertising is gradually disappearing, which represents a positive advance.
Keywords
communication, advertising, sexism, woman, stereotype, role
Author Biography
David Lopez-Lopez
Dr. en Marketing. Profesor de ESADE.
Óscar Gutiérrez-Aragón
Dr. en Economía y profesor de EUM-UdG.
Vinyet Baños-Carmona
Investigadora en EUM-UdG
References
- -Balaguer, M. L. (2008). Género y regulación de la publicidad en el ordenamiento jurídico. La imagen de la mujer. Revista latina de comunicación social, 11(63).
- -Bassat, L. (2017). El libro rojo de las marcas: cómo construir marcas de éxito. Barcelona: Debolsillo.
- -Benton-Greig, P., Gamage, D., Gavey, N. (2017). Doing and denying sexism: online responses to a New Zealand feminist campaign against sexist advertising. Feminist Media Studies, 18(3), 349-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2017.1367703
- - Castaneda, J., Jover, A., Calvet, L., Yanes, S., Juan, A. A., & Sainz, M. (2022). Dealing with Gender Bias Issues in Data-Algorithmic Processes: A Social-Statistical Perspective. Algorithms, 15(9), 303.
- -Costa, J. (1992). Reinventar la publicidad. Reflexiones desde las Ciencias Sociales. Madrid. Fundesco.
- -Elósegui, I. (1998). Los roles de la mujer y el varón en la Sociedad española y su reflejo en los anuncios de televisión. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza
- - Fernández-Alava, R., Gavilán, D., & Fernández-Lores, S. (2021). Big data and TV media: going beyond traditional segmentation. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 20(6), 1-11.
- -Fondevila-Gascón, J.-F. (2010). El cloud journalism: un nuevo concepto de producción para el periodismo del siglo XXI. Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, 4(1), 19-35.
- -Fondevila-Gascón, J.-F. (2013). Periodismo ciudadano y cloud journalism: un flujo necesario en la Sociedad de la Banda Ancha. Comunicación y Hombre, 9, 25-41.
- -Fondevila-Gascón, J. F., Rom Rodríguez, J., Santana López, E. (2015). El sexismo y los estereotipos en la publicidad y en el cine. Análisis comparativo. En J. Rdez. Terceño y E. Camarero (Coords.), La realidad audiovisual, la publicidad y las RR.PP. hoy. (pp. 366-380). Madrid: CUICIID 2015.
- -Garaigordobil, M., & Martínez-Valderrey, V. (2015). The effectiveness of Cyberprogram 2.0 on conflict resolution strategies and self-esteem. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(2), 229-234. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.007
- -Glick, P., & Fiske, S. (2011). Ambivalent sexism revisited. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(3), 530-535. doi:10.1177/0361684311414832
- - Grau, S. L., & Zotos, Y. C. (2016). Gender stereotypes in advertising: a review of current research. International Journal of Advertising, 35(5), 761-770.
- - Kannangara, L., Harsha, S., Isuru, T., Wijesiriwardhane, C., Wijendra, D. R., & Kishara, J. (2021, December). Artificial Intelligence-based Business Strategy for Optimized Advertising. In 2021 3rd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC) (pp. 234-239). IEEE.
- - Lee, H., & Cho, C. H. (2020). Digital advertising: present and future prospects. International Journal of Advertising, 39(3), 332-341.
- -Lemus, S., Castillo, M., Moya, M., Padilla, J. L., Ryan, E. (2008). Elaboración y validación del Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente para Adolescentes. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 8(2), 537-562. http://www.aepc.es/ijchp/articulos_pdf/ijchp-292.pdf
- -León, J. L. (1991). Persuasión de masas. Psicología y efectos de las comunicaciones sociopolíticas y comerciales. Bilbao: Deusto.
- -Luna-Bernal, A. C. A. (2016 a). Conflict management styles and decision-making patterns in Mexican adolescent high-school students. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 6(10), 289-291.
- -Monteiro Cardoso, A. S., Pedreiro, A. T., Barbosa Sousa, B. (2021). Sexism and Advertising in the Global World: A Theoretical Perspective. En M. D. Olvera-Lobo, J. Gutiérrez-Artacho, I. Rivera-Trigueros y M. Díaz-Millón. Innovative Perspectives on Corporate Communication in the Global World (pages 216-232). Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
- -Olekalns, M. (2014). Natural-born peacemakers? Gender and the resolution of conflict. En P. T. Coleman, M. Deutsch, & E. C. Marcus (Eds.), The handbook of conflict resolution. Theory and practice (3rd. ed.; pp. 355-383). San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass
- -Peña Marín, C., Fabretti, C. (1990). La mujer en la publicidad. Madrid: Instituto de la Mujer.
- - Phillips, M. J. (1997). Ethics and manipulation in advertising: Answering a Flawed Indictment. Greenwood Publishing Group.
- - Quirós, J. J. M. (2020, January). Estándares consolidados para juzgar la publicidad sexista. In Anales de la Cátedra Francisco Suárez (Vol. 54, pp. 353-377).
- -Rebollo-Catalán, A., Ruiz-Pinto, E., García-Pérez, R. (2017). Preferencias relacionales en la adolescencia según el género. Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa, 19(1), 58-72. doi:10.24320/redie.2017.19.1.1022
- - Salvador Martínez, M. (2008). La imagen de la mujer en los medios: Exigencias del principio de igualdad.
- - Shah, N., Engineer, S., Bhagat, N., Chauhan, H., & Shah, M. (2020). Research trends on the usage of machine learning and artificial intelligence in advertising. Augmented Human Research, 5(1), 1-15.
- - Wiktor, J. W., & Sanak-Kosmowska, K. (2021). Information asymmetry in online advertising. Routledge.
- -Zawisza, M., Luyt, R., Zawadzka, A. M., Buczny, J. (2018). Cross-Cultural Sexism and the Effectiveness of Gender (Non)Traditional Advertising: A Comparison of Purchase Intentions in Poland, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. Sex Roles, 79, 738-751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0906-8